CREED
I solemnly pledge myself before God and to the presence of this assembly, that we may serve humanity with fidelity, honor and objective of the Radiologic Technology profession to the best of one’s ability and render service without any mental reservations to the practice of Radiologic Technology.
Managerial Decision- making Process
1. Set your objectives.
2. Search for alternatives.
3. Evaluate your alternatives.
4. Choose among your alternatives.
5. Implement the selected alternative.
6. Follow- up and control.
Communication-is the exchange of meanings between and among individuals using a shared system of symbols that have meanings for both the sender and receiver.
3 Basic Elements of Communication Process
1. Sender 2. Message 3. Receiver
2 Factors affecting Sender and Receiver
1. Internal Climate- includes values, feelings, and temperament and stress levels.
2. External Climate- includes weather conditions, temperature, timing and organization climate, status power and authority.
•To be effective in communication requires the sender to determine what the receivers’ sees and hears.
5 Characteristics of Large Organizations which makes Communication difficult
1. Spatial distance.
2. Different subgroups/ subcultures with in the organization.
3. People are structured into different systems of organization.
4. Organization is in a constant state of flux.
5. Gender.
Organization Communication Strategies
1. Managers must understand the organizations’ structure and recognize who will be affected by the decisions that are made.
2. Communication is a two- way process.
3. Communication must be clear, simple and precise.
4. Managers must seek feedback.
5. Multiple communication methods should be used for important information.
6. Managers should not overwhelm subordinates with unnecessary information.
• Information- a logic that has meaning.
5 Channels of Communication
1. Upward Communication- this is where the manager is a subordinate to a higher management.
2. Downward Communication- the manager relays information to the manager.
3. Horizontal Communication- managers interact with others in the same hierarchy.
4. Diagonal Communication- the manager interacts with personnel and managers of the other department and groups. This is less formal than other type of communication..
5. Grapevine Communication- the most informal communication, it involves 3-4 people at a time and it is subject to error and distortion.
Communication Modes
1. Written Communication- it is for the documentation and consumes more time.
2. Face-to- face Communication- rapid but may result in more people receiving information.
3. Non- verbal Communication- includes facial expressions, body movement and gestures. This is more reliable than other type of communication.
4. Telephone Communication- an important communication tool.
Maslow’s’ Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs- includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other bodily needs.
Safety- includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
Social- includes affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship.
Esteem- includes internal esteem factors such as status, recognition and attention.
Self- actualization- the drive to become what one is capable; includes growth, achieving ones’ potentials and self- fulfillment.
Theories of Organizational Behavior
1. Two- factor Theory
Motivator Factors- increase job satisfaction
Achievement Recognition Responsibility
Work Advancement Growth
Hygiene Factors- are those whose absence can create job dissatisfaction.
Supervision Company Policy Salary
Working Conditions Security Peer relationship
2. Theory X Assumptions
People inherently dislike work. People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve objectives. People prefer to be directed.
Theory Y Assumptions
People view work as being natural as play as rest. People will exercise self- direction and control towards achieving objectives they are committed to. People learn to accept and seek responsibility.
3. McClelland Theory
Need for Achievement
Personal Responsibility Feedback
Moderate risks Need for Achievement
Need for Power
Influence Competitive
Need for Affiliation
Acceptance and Friendship Cooperative
4. Goal- Setting Theory
Specific goals increase performance and difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than easy goals.
5. Equity Theory
An employee compares her/ his job inputs- outcomes ratio with those referents. If an employee perceives inequity, she/ he will act to correct the inequity:
Lower Productivity Increase Absenteeism
Reduces quality Voluntary resignation
6. Expectancy Theory
An individual will act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.
Effort- performance linkage Performance- reward linkage
Attractiveness
7. Behavioral Theory
Ohio State University Studies (Initiating structure + consideration= high- high leader)
University of Michigan Studies (Employee- oriented and Production- oriented)
Charismatic Leadership
Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they are observe in a certain behavior.
Charismatic Leaders- have compelling vision or sense of purpose. Communicate that vision effectively, demonstrate consistency and focus and know their own strengths and capitalize on them.
Transformational Leadership
Builds on top of the transactional Leadership
Transactional Leaders- guide or motivate their followers in the direction of establish goals by clarifying the role and task requirements.
Transformational Leaders- provide individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and possess charisma.
Organizational Structure
1. Division of Labor
•Departmentalization • Specialization
2. Unity of Command
• Line of Command • One superior
3. Authority and Responsibility
• Line and Staff authority • Authority and Power
4. Spans of Control
• Levels of Control • Centralization and decentralization
5. Contingency Factors
• Environment and Technology • Knowledge technology: task variability and problem analyzability.
Development of Management Thought
1. Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor’s principles of Management
Develop a science for each element of an individuals’ work. Scientifically select, train and develop the workers. Heartily cooperate with the workers. Divide work and responsibility equally between managers and workers and improve production efficiency through work studies, tools, economic incentives.
2. General Theories of Administration
Henry Fayol identified 14 principles of Management- universal truths that can be taught in schools
14 Principles of Management
1. Division of Work- better known division of labor. Increases production and quality through specialization.
2. Authority and responsibility- authority is the right to give orders and responsibility is its counterpart. Where authority is exercised, responsibility must also given and vice- versa.
3. Discipline- obedience and respect for the agreements between the firm and the employees, it is also involves sanctions judiciously applied.
4. Unity of commend- a subordinate receives instructions from only one superior and not multiple superiors with different intentions.
5. Unity of direction- each group of activities should have unity with one plan and one head.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest- the interest of the employee or group of employees should not prevail over the interest of the business.
7. Remuneration of Personnel- fair wages must be distributed to employees in order to receive their loyalty and support.
8. Centralization- obtaining the economy of scales necessary for optimum return, yet focusing on reducing bureaucracies.
9. Scalar chain- the general order of communication through the chain of ultimate authority to the lowest rank which should not be followed at times, if it hinders the general interest of the business.
10. Order- a place for every thing and every thing in its place.
11. Equity- the combination of kindness and justice.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel- high turnover increases inefficiency.
13. Initiative- thinking out a plan ensuring its success with zeal and energy.
14. Esprit de corps- harmony of the personnel brings a strong union.
Max Weber described an ideal bureaucracy as a theory of administration based on rational legal authority systems:
• Division of Labor- organization needs to appear and so gain legitimacy in order to secure resources and support and to inspire confidence and trust.
• Authority hierarchy is an essential part of PR. Maybe through internal data analysis or external consultations.
• Formal selection
• Formal rules and regulations.
•Impersonality.
• Career orientation.
Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.
Management Roles
• Interpersonal roles Figurehead, Leader, Liaison.
• Information roles Monitor, Dissemination, Spokesperson.
• Decision roles Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator, Negotiator.
Radiologic Technology as Profession
1969- When the first Radtech School was open with the school Family Clinic.
The first graduate of Radtech came from Emilio Aguinaldo College
Profession- occupation or calling requiring advance training and experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge which provides advice to society in that special field.
- An occupation that properly involves a liberal education or its equivalent of mental rather than manual labor; especially one of the three learned profession such as law, medicine and theology.
- A calling in which the members profuse to have acquired special knowledge by training or experiencing or both so that it may guide or advice or serve others with that special field.
License- a legal document given by the government that permits a person to offer to the public his skills and knowledge in a particular field.
- It is the authority or liberty granted to do or omit an act.
PFPRT- Philippine Federation of Professional Radiologic Technologists
Licensure- a means of gathering statistical data on radiologic and x-ray technologists in the country.
- The most important rule of legal control and enforcement of radiologic technology practice.
Registration- it is the recording of the names of person who have qualified under the law to practice their respective profession.
Qualification of Application for Licensure Examination
R.A. 7431 Sect. 19- states that in order to be admitted in radtech and x-ray examination an applicant must possess the following:
a. Applicant must be a Filipino citizen.
b. Must be of good moral character and has not been convicted of the crime invoking moral turpitude.
c. Must be a holder of baccalaureate degree in BSRT from a school, college or a university recognize by the government if he applies for radtech exam.
d. For applicants of x-ray tech must be a holder of ART, diploma from a school, college or university recognize by the government.
R.A. 7431 Sect. 22- states that in order to pass the exam, one must obtain a general rating of 75% with no grade lower than 60%.
Professional Obligation
1. You must acquire a residence tax.
2. File for an income tax return.
3. Give financial support to their national and international professional organization
R.A. 7431- also known as radtech law of 1992.
Professional Adjustment- involves the growth of the whole aspects of a person.
Professional Growth and Development- speed of professional change.
2 Classification of Radtech
1. Diagnostic Technologist- (x-ray tech) deals on diagnosis of patients diseases.
2. Therapeutic Technologist
ART- the minimum educational classification for x-ray professionals.
R.A. 7431- supported by senate bill 1873 and house bill 34221.
Radiography Ethics and Jurisprudence- interprets all the principles with their applications in the regulation of the practice of the radiography.
Health Promotion- the accompanying obligation of x-ray professionals.
Purpose of the Radtech Profession
1. To serve without reservation or being selfless.
2. To serve with integrity, morality and legality.
Characteristics of the Radtech Profession
1. Possesses a theoretic body of knowledge leading to define skills, abilities and norms..
2. The members of radtech profession are guided by the ethical laws.
3. The members have no autonomy for decision- making practice.
Ground of Revocation of Certificate of Registration
1. Convicted by the court of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude.
2. Unprofessional conduct, negligence and incompetence, malpractice or serious ignorance.
3. Use of fraud, deceased of false statement to obtain certification.
The radiologist role is to interpret the radiograph while the radtech is to care the patient.
The purpose of code of ethics is to guide the technologists in making moral choices in the practice of the profession.
Crime- an act committed or omitted in violation of the law.
Felony- crime punishable under the revised penal code.
Conspiracy- two or more persons are involved in the commission of the crime.
Persons Involve in Crime
1. The Principal- the one who actually performs the crime.
2. Accomplice- the one who willingly and knowingly participates or assist in performing the crime.
3. Accessory before the fact- the one, who do not participates, contributes or cooperates in performing the crime.
4. Accessory after the fact- the one who cooperates in performing the criminal act by concealing or destroying the evidence of the crime or assisting the criminal to escape.
Persons involve in Lawsuit
1. Plaintiff/ Complainant- the accuser, the one who initiates the lawsuit.
2. Defendant/ Accused- the one being sued.
3. Witness- the one who testifies for or against the defendant.
Crime against Public Moral
1. Illegal Gambling- playing for money.
2. Indecent Exposure- intentional exposure of ones’ private scandal.
3. Prostitution- crime committed by a woman who engages in sexual intercourse for pay.
Crimes connected in Public Office
1. Graft- dishonest transaction in public office.
2. Bribery- receiving money or gifts in connection with the performance of public office.
3. Corruption- giving money or gifts to public officials by a reason of his public office.
Kinds of Felony according the degree of attaining of the objectives
1. Attempted Felony- the offender commences to do the criminal act and the criminal objective was not achieved.
2. Frustrated Felony- the offender has performed all the acts necessary for the commission of the crime but the criminal objective was not achieved.
3. Consummated Felony- the offender has performed the criminal act and the criminal objective was achieved.
Crime against Public Interest
1. Forgery- altering a written document or deceive.
2. Perjury- telling a lie under oath.
Crime against Honor
1. Defamation- the injury is in the honor and reputation of the other.
a. Libel- a written defamation.
b. Slander- an oral defamation
c. Slander by deed- an act which causes dishonor to another.
Crime against Personal Liberty and Security
1. Kidnapping- foreseeable abduction of another.
2. Illegal detention- detaining a person without a warrant.
3. Trespassing- entering others persons house or property without warrant.
Fellowship Baptist College
Rizal St., Kabankalan City
SUMMARY
OF THE
COURSE
(Department Administration, Ethics and Jurisprudence)
Presented by:
Joseph D. Causapin
Melendy S.. Lim
Reynil John Galvez
Presented to:
Mrs. Hariette A. Wendam, RRT
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